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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-operations">File Operations</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#console-i-o">Console I/O</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-functions">Other Functions</a></li>
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  <section id="module-msvcrt">
<span id="msvcrt-useful-routines-from-the-ms-vc-runtime"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-msvcrt" title="msvcrt: Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime. (Windows)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code></a> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime<a class="headerlink" href="#module-msvcrt" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>These functions provide access to some useful capabilities on Windows platforms.
Some higher-level modules use these functions to build the  Windows
implementations of their services.  For example, the <a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html#module-getpass" title="getpass: Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code></a> module uses
this in the implementation of the <a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html#module-getpass" title="getpass: Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass()</span></code></a> function.</p>
<p>Further documentation on these functions can be found in the Platform API
documentation.</p>
<p>The module implements both the normal and wide char variants of the console I/O
api. The normal API deals only with ASCII characters and is of limited use
for internationalized applications. The wide char API should be used where
ever possible.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Operations in this module now raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> where <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#IOError" title="IOError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IOError</span></code></a>
was raised.</p>
</div>
<section id="file-operations">
<span id="msvcrt-files"></span><h2>File Operations<a class="headerlink" href="#file-operations" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.locking">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">locking</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fd</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">mode</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">nbytes</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.locking" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Lock part of a file based on file descriptor <em>fd</em> from the C runtime.  Raises
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> on failure.  The locked region of the file extends from the
current file position for <em>nbytes</em> bytes, and may continue beyond the end of the
file.  <em>mode</em> must be one of the <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LK_*</span></code> constants listed below. Multiple
regions in a file may be locked at the same time, but may not overlap.  Adjacent
regions are not merged; they must be unlocked individually.</p>
<p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt.locking</span></code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nbytes</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.LK_LOCK">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LK_LOCK</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_LOCK" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.LK_RLCK">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LK_RLCK</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_RLCK" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, the program
immediately tries again after 1 second.  If, after 10 attempts, the bytes cannot
be locked, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.LK_NBLCK">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LK_NBLCK</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_NBLCK" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LK_NBRLCK</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> is
raised.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.LK_UNLCK">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LK_UNLCK</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_UNLCK" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unlocks the specified bytes, which must have been previously locked.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.setmode">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setmode</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fd</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">flags</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.setmode" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the line-end translation mode for the file descriptor <em>fd</em>. To set it to
text mode, <em>flags</em> should be <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_TEXT" title="os.O_TEXT"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_TEXT</span></code></a>; for binary, it should be
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_BINARY" title="os.O_BINARY"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_BINARY</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.open_osfhandle">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">open_osfhandle</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">handle</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">flags</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.open_osfhandle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a C runtime file descriptor from the file handle <em>handle</em>.  The <em>flags</em>
parameter should be a bitwise OR of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_APPEND" title="os.O_APPEND"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_APPEND</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_RDONLY" title="os.O_RDONLY"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_RDONLY</span></code></a>,
and <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_TEXT" title="os.O_TEXT"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_TEXT</span></code></a>.  The returned file descriptor may be used as a parameter
to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fdopen" title="os.fdopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fdopen()</span></code></a> to create a file object.</p>
<p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt.open_osfhandle</span></code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">handle</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flags</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.get_osfhandle">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_osfhandle</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fd</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.get_osfhandle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the file handle for the file descriptor <em>fd</em>.  Raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if
<em>fd</em> is not recognized.</p>
<p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt.get_osfhandle</span></code> with argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="console-i-o">
<span id="msvcrt-console"></span><h2>Console I/O<a class="headerlink" href="#console-i-o" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.kbhit">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">kbhit</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.kbhit" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if a keypress is waiting to be read.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.getch">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getch</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read a keypress and return the resulting character as a byte string.
Nothing is echoed to the console.  This call will block if a keypress
is not already available, but will not wait for <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Enter</kbd> to be
pressed. If the pressed key was a special function key, this will
return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\000'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\xe0'</span></code>; the next call will return the keycode.
The <kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C</kbd></kbd> keypress cannot be read with this function.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.getwch">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getwch</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getwch" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wide char variant of <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="msvcrt.getch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getch()</span></code></a>, returning a Unicode value.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.getche">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getche</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getche" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="msvcrt.getch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getch()</span></code></a>, but the keypress will be echoed if it  represents a
printable character.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.getwche">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getwche</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getwche" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wide char variant of <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getche" title="msvcrt.getche"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getche()</span></code></a>, returning a Unicode value.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.putch">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">putch</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">char</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.putch" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print the byte string <em>char</em> to the console without buffering.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.putwch">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">putwch</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">unicode_char</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.putwch" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wide char variant of <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.putch" title="msvcrt.putch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">putch()</span></code></a>, accepting a Unicode value.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.ungetch">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ungetch</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">char</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.ungetch" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Cause the byte string <em>char</em> to be “pushed back” into the console buffer;
it will be the next character read by <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="msvcrt.getch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getch()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getche" title="msvcrt.getche"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getche()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.ungetwch">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ungetwch</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">unicode_char</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.ungetwch" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wide char variant of <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.ungetch" title="msvcrt.ungetch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ungetch()</span></code></a>, accepting a Unicode value.</p>
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="other-functions">
<span id="msvcrt-other"></span><h2>Other Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#other-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.heapmin">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">heapmin</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.heapmin" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Force the <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">malloc()</span></code> heap to clean itself up and return unused blocks to
the operating system. On failure, this raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.CRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSION">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSION</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.CRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSION" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The CRT Assembly version, from the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crtassem.h</span></code> header file.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.VC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKEN">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">VC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKEN</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.VC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKEN" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The VC Assembly public key token, from the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crtassem.h</span></code> header file.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="msvcrt.LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">msvcrt.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The Libraries Assembly name prefix, from the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crtassem.h</span></code> header file.</p>
</dd></dl>

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