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The standard library contains a rich set of fixers that will handle almost all code. 2to3 supporting library <a class="reference internal" href="#module-lib2to3" title="lib2to3: The 2to3 library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code></a> is, however, a flexible and generic library, so it is possible to write your own fixers for 2to3.</p> <div class="deprecated-removed"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.11, will be removed in version 3.13: </span>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> module was marked pending for deprecation in Python 3.9 (raising <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#PendingDeprecationWarning" title="PendingDeprecationWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PendingDeprecationWarning</span></code></a> on import) and fully deprecated in Python 3.11 (raising <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#DeprecationWarning" title="DeprecationWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DeprecationWarning</span></code></a>). The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2to3</span></code> tool is part of that. It will be removed in Python 3.13.</p> </div> <section id="using-2to3"> <span id="to3-using"></span><h2>Using 2to3<a class="headerlink" href="#using-2to3" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2> <p>2to3 will usually be installed with the Python interpreter as a script. It is also located in the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tools/scripts</span></code> directory of the Python root.</p> <p>2to3’s basic arguments are a list of files or directories to transform. The directories are recursively traversed for Python sources.</p> <p>Here is a sample Python 2.x source file, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example.py</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">greet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s2">"Hello, </span><span class="si">{0}</span><span class="s2">!"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s2">"What's your name?"</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">raw_input</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">greet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>It can be converted to Python 3.x code via 2to3 on the command line:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>2to3<span class="w"> </span>example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>A diff against the original source file is printed. 2to3 can also write the needed modifications right back to the source file. (A backup of the original file is made unless <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> is also given.) Writing the changes back is enabled with the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-w</span></code> flag:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>2to3<span class="w"> </span>-w<span class="w"> </span>example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>After transformation, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example.py</span></code> looks like this:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">greet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Hello, </span><span class="si">{0}</span><span class="s2">!"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"What's your name?"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">greet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Comments and exact indentation are preserved throughout the translation process.</p> <p>By default, 2to3 runs a set of <a class="reference internal" href="#to3-fixers"><span class="std std-ref">predefined fixers</span></a>. The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-l</span></code> flag lists all available fixers. An explicit set of fixers to run can be given with <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-f</span></code>. Likewise the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-x</span></code> explicitly disables a fixer. The following example runs only the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imports</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">has_key</span></code> fixers:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>2to3<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>imports<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>has_key<span class="w"> </span>example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>This command runs every fixer except the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">apply</span></code> fixer:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>2to3<span class="w"> </span>-x<span class="w"> </span>apply<span class="w"> </span>example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>Some fixers are <em>explicit</em>, meaning they aren’t run by default and must be listed on the command line to be run. Here, in addition to the default fixers, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">idioms</span></code> fixer is run:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>2to3<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>all<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>idioms<span class="w"> </span>example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>Notice how passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">all</span></code> enables all default fixers.</p> <p>Sometimes 2to3 will find a place in your source code that needs to be changed, but 2to3 cannot fix automatically. In this case, 2to3 will print a warning beneath the diff for a file. You should address the warning in order to have compliant 3.x code.</p> <p>2to3 can also refactor doctests. To enable this mode, use the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-d</span></code> flag. Note that <em>only</em> doctests will be refactored. This also doesn’t require the module to be valid Python. For example, doctest like examples in a reST document could also be refactored with this option.</p> <p>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-v</span></code> option enables output of more information on the translation process.</p> <p>Since some print statements can be parsed as function calls or statements, 2to3 cannot always read files containing the print function. When 2to3 detects the presence of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">print_function</span></code> compiler directive, it modifies its internal grammar to interpret <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code></a> as a function. This change can also be enabled manually with the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-p</span></code> flag. Use <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-p</span></code> to run fixers on code that already has had its print statements converted. Also <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-e</span></code> can be used to make <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a> a function.</p> <p>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code> or <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output-dir</span></code> option allows specification of an alternate directory for processed output files to be written to. The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> flag is required when using this as backup files do not make sense when not overwriting the input files.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.3: </span>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code> option was added.</p> </div> <p>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-W</span></code> or <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--write-unchanged-files</span></code> flag tells 2to3 to always write output files even if no changes were required to the file. This is most useful with <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code> so that an entire Python source tree is copied with translation from one directory to another. This option implies the <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-w</span></code> flag as it would not make sense otherwise.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.3: </span>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-W</span></code> flag was added.</p> </div> <p>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--add-suffix</span></code> option specifies a string to append to all output filenames. The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> flag is required when specifying this as backups are not necessary when writing to different filenames. Example:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>2to3<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span>-W<span class="w"> </span>--add-suffix<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="w"> </span>example.py </pre></div> </div> <p>Will cause a converted file named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example.py3</span></code> to be written.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.3: </span>The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--add-suffix</span></code> option was added.</p> </div> <p>To translate an entire project from one directory tree to another use:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>2to3<span class="w"> </span>--output-dir<span class="o">=</span>python3-version/mycode<span class="w"> </span>-W<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span>python2-version/mycode </pre></div> </div> </section> <section id="fixers"> <span id="to3-fixers"></span><h2>Fixers<a class="headerlink" href="#fixers" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2> <p>Each step of transforming code is encapsulated in a fixer. The command <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2to3</span> <span class="pre">-l</span></code> lists them. As <a class="reference internal" href="#to3-using"><span class="std std-ref">documented above</span></a>, each can be turned on and off individually. They are described here in more detail.</p> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-apply"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">apply</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-apply" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes usage of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">apply()</span></code>. For example <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">apply(function,</span> <span class="pre">*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-asserts"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">asserts</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-asserts" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Replaces deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code></a> method names with the correct ones.</p> <table class="docutils align-default"> <thead> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>From</p></th> <th class="head"><p>To</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failUnlessEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertEquals(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failIfEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotEquals(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failUnless(a)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue" title="unittest.TestCase.assertTrue"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertTrue(a)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assert_(a)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertTrue" title="unittest.TestCase.assertTrue"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertTrue(a)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failIf(a)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertFalse" title="unittest.TestCase.assertFalse"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertFalse(a)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failUnlessRaises(exc,</span> <span class="pre">cal)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertRaises" title="unittest.TestCase.assertRaises"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertRaises(exc,</span> <span class="pre">cal)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failUnlessAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertAlmostEquals(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">failIfAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotAlmostEquals(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual" title="unittest.TestCase.assertNotAlmostEqual"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assertNotAlmostEqual(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></a></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-basestring"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">basestring</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-basestring" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basestring</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-buffer"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">buffer</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-buffer" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#memoryview" title="memoryview"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></code></a>. This fixer is optional because the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#memoryview" title="memoryview"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></code></a> API is similar but not exactly the same as that of <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-dict"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dict</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-dict" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes dictionary iteration methods. <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.iteritems()</span></code> is converted to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.items" title="dict.items"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.items()</span></code></a>, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.iterkeys()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.keys" title="dict.keys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.keys()</span></code></a>, and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.itervalues()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.values" title="dict.values"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.values()</span></code></a>. Similarly, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.viewitems()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.viewkeys()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.viewvalues()</span></code> are converted respectively to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.items" title="dict.items"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.items()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.keys" title="dict.keys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.keys()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.values" title="dict.values"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.values()</span></code></a>. It also wraps existing usages of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.items" title="dict.items"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.items()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.keys" title="dict.keys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.keys()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.values" title="dict.values"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.values()</span></code></a> in a call to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-except"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">except</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-except" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span> <span class="pre">X,</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span> <span class="pre">X</span> <span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-exec"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">exec</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-exec" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code> statement to the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a> function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-execfile"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">execfile</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-execfile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes usage of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execfile()</span></code>. The argument to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execfile()</span></code> is wrapped in calls to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-exitfunc"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">exitfunc</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-exitfunc" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes assignment of <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exitfunc</span></code> to use of the <a class="reference internal" href="atexit.html#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> module.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-filter"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">filter</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-filter" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Wraps <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#filter" title="filter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filter()</span></code></a> usage in a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> call.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-funcattrs"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">funcattrs</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-funcattrs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes function attributes that have been renamed. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_function.func_closure</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_function.__closure__</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-future"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">future</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-future" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">new_feature</span></code> statements.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-getcwdu"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getcwdu</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-getcwdu" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.getcwdu()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.getcwd" title="os.getcwd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.getcwd()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-has_key"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">has_key</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-has_key" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.has_key(key)</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">dict</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-idioms"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">idioms</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-idioms" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This optional fixer performs several transformations that make Python code more idiomatic. Type comparisons like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type(x)</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">SomeClass</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type(x)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">SomeClass</span></code> are converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">SomeClass)</span></code>. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">while</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> becomes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">while</span> <span class="pre">True</span></code>. This fixer also tries to make use of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></code></a> in appropriate places. For example, this block</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">L</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>is changed to</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">L</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-import"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">import</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-import" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Detects sibling imports and converts them to relative imports.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-imports"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">imports</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-imports" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Handles module renames in the standard library.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-imports2"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">imports2</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-imports2" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Handles other modules renames in the standard library. It is separate from the <a class="reference internal" href="#to3fixer-imports"><code class="xref std std-2to3fixer docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imports</span></code></a> fixer only because of technical limitations.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-input"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">input</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-input" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input(prompt)</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval(input(prompt))</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-intern"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">intern</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-intern" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">intern()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.intern" title="sys.intern"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.intern()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-isinstance"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isinstance</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-isinstance" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes duplicate types in the second argument of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#isinstance" title="isinstance"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance()</span></code></a>. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">(int,</span> <span class="pre">int))</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">int)</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">(int,</span> <span class="pre">float,</span> <span class="pre">int))</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">(int,</span> <span class="pre">float))</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-itertools_imports"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">itertools_imports</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-itertools_imports" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes imports of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.ifilter()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.izip()</span></code>, and <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.imap()</span></code>. Imports of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.ifilterfalse()</span></code> are also changed to <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.filterfalse" title="itertools.filterfalse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.filterfalse()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-itertools"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">itertools</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-itertools" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes usage of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.ifilter()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.izip()</span></code>, and <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.imap()</span></code> to their built-in equivalents. <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.ifilterfalse()</span></code> is changed to <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.filterfalse" title="itertools.filterfalse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.filterfalse()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-long"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">long</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-long" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-map"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">map</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-map" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Wraps <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map" title="map"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map()</span></code></a> in a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> call. It also changes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map(None,</span> <span class="pre">x)</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list(x)</span></code>. Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">future_builtins</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">map</span></code> disables this fixer.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-metaclass"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">metaclass</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-metaclass" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the old metaclass syntax (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__metaclass__</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">Meta</span></code> in the class body) to the new (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">class</span> <span class="pre">X(metaclass=Meta)</span></code>).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-methodattrs"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">methodattrs</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-methodattrs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes old method attribute names. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">meth.im_func</span></code> is converted to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">meth.__func__</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-ne"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ne</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-ne" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the old not-equal syntax, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><></span></code>, to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!=</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-next"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">next</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-next" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the use of iterator’s <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next()</span></code> methods to the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#next" title="next"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next()</span></code></a> function. It also renames <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#next" title="next"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next()</span></code></a> methods to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__" title="iterator.__next__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__next__()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-nonzero"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">nonzero</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-nonzero" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames definitions of methods called <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__nonzero__()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__bool__" title="object.__bool__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__bool__()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-numliterals"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">numliterals</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-numliterals" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts octal literals into the new syntax.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-operator"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">operator</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-operator" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts calls to various functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="operator.html#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module to other, but equivalent, function calls. When needed, the appropriate <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statements are added, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code>. The following mapping are made:</p> <table class="docutils align-default"> <thead> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>From</p></th> <th class="head"><p>To</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.isCallable(obj)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(obj)</span></code></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.sequenceIncludes(obj)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.contains(obj)</span></code></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.isSequenceType(obj)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(obj,</span> <span class="pre">collections.abc.Sequence)</span></code></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.isMappingType(obj)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(obj,</span> <span class="pre">collections.abc.Mapping)</span></code></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.isNumberType(obj)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isinstance(obj,</span> <span class="pre">numbers.Number)</span></code></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.repeat(obj,</span> <span class="pre">n)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.mul(obj,</span> <span class="pre">n)</span></code></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.irepeat(obj,</span> <span class="pre">n)</span></code></p></td> <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.imul(obj,</span> <span class="pre">n)</span></code></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-paren"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">paren</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-paren" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Add extra parenthesis where they are required in list comprehensions. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[x</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">2]</span></code> becomes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[x</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">(1,</span> <span class="pre">2)]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-print"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">print</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-print" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> statement to the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code></a> function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-raise"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">raise</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-raise" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">E,</span> <span class="pre">V</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">E(V)</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">E,</span> <span class="pre">V,</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">E(V).with_traceback(T)</span></code>. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">E</span></code> is a tuple, the translation will be incorrect because substituting tuples for exceptions has been removed in 3.0.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-raw_input"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">raw_input</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-raw_input" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raw_input()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#input" title="input"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-reduce"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">reduce</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-reduce" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Handles the move of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reduce()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="functools.html#functools.reduce" title="functools.reduce"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools.reduce()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-reload"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">reload</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-reload" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reload()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.reload" title="importlib.reload"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.reload()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-renames"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">renames</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-renames" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.maxint</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.maxsize" title="sys.maxsize"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.maxsize</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-repr"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">repr</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-repr" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Replaces backtick repr with the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a> function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-set_literal"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">set_literal</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-set_literal" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Replaces use of the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> constructor with set literals. This fixer is optional.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-standarderror"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">standarderror</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-standarderror" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StandardError</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#Exception" title="Exception"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-sys_exc"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sys_exc</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-sys_exc" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes the deprecated <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exc_value</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exc_type</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exc_traceback</span></code> to use <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-throw"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">throw</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-throw" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes the API change in generator’s <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">throw()</span></code> method.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-tuple_params"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">tuple_params</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-tuple_params" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes implicit tuple parameter unpacking. This fixer inserts temporary variables.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-types"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">types</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-types" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Fixes code broken from the removal of some members in the <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#module-types" title="types: Names for built-in types."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code></a> module.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-unicode"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unicode</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-unicode" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-urllib"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">urllib</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-urllib" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Handles the rename of <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html#module-urllib" title="urllib"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code></a> and <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></code> to the <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html#module-urllib" title="urllib"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code></a> package.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-ws_comma"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ws_comma</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-ws_comma" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes excess whitespace from comma separated items. This fixer is optional.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-xrange"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">xrange</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-xrange" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Renames <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xrange()</span></code> to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#range" title="range"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code></a> and wraps existing <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#range" title="range"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code></a> calls with <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-xreadlines"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">xreadlines</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-xreadlines" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Changes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">file.xreadlines()</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">file</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="std 2to3fixer"> <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="to3fixer-zip"> <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">zip</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#to3fixer-zip" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Wraps <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#zip" title="zip"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zip()</span></code></a> usage in a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> call. This is disabled when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">future_builtins</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">zip</span></code> appears.</p> </dd></dl> </section> <section id="module-lib2to3"> <span id="lib2to3-2to3-s-library"></span><h2><a class="reference internal" href="#module-lib2to3" title="lib2to3: The 2to3 library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code></a> — 2to3’s library<a class="headerlink" href="#module-lib2to3" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/lib2to3/">Lib/lib2to3/</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <div class="deprecated-removed"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.11, will be removed in version 3.13: </span>Python 3.9 switched to a PEG parser (see <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0617/"><strong>PEP 617</strong></a>) while lib2to3 is using a less flexible LL(1) parser. Python 3.10 includes new language syntax that is not parsable by lib2to3’s LL(1) parser (see <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0634/"><strong>PEP 634</strong></a>). The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> module was marked pending for deprecation in Python 3.9 (raising <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#PendingDeprecationWarning" title="PendingDeprecationWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PendingDeprecationWarning</span></code></a> on import) and fully deprecated in Python 3.11 (raising <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#DeprecationWarning" title="DeprecationWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DeprecationWarning</span></code></a>). It will be removed from the standard library in Python 3.13. Consider third-party alternatives such as <a class="reference external" href="https://libcst.readthedocs.io/">LibCST</a> or <a class="reference external" href="https://parso.readthedocs.io/">parso</a>.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="admonition-title">Note</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-lib2to3" title="lib2to3: The 2to3 library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code></a> API should be considered unstable and may change drastically in the future.</p> </div> </section> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <div> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2to3 — Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-2to3">Using 2to3</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#fixers">Fixers</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-lib2to3"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> — 2to3’s library</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="unittest.mock-examples.html" title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — getting started</a></p> </div> <div> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="test.html" title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a></p> </div> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/2to3.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="sidebarbutton" title="Collapse sidebar"> <span>«</span> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="test.html" title="test — Regression tests package for Python" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="unittest.mock-examples.html" title="unittest.mock — getting started" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li class="switchers"> <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div> <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div> </li> <li> </li> <li id="cpython-language-and-version"> <a href="../index.html">3.12.3 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="development.html" >Development Tools</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">2to3 — Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a></li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> </form> </div> | </li> <li class="right"> <label class="theme-selector-label"> Theme <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)"> <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option> <option value="light">Light</option> <option value="dark">Dark</option> </select> </label> |</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html"> Copyright </a> 2001-2024, Python Software Foundation. <br /> This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. <br /> Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. <br /> See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.<br /> <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> <br /> Last updated on Apr 09, 2024 (13:47 UTC). <a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 7.2.6. </div> </body> </html>