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  <section id="module-marshal">
<span id="marshal-internal-python-object-serialization"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-marshal" title="marshal: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code></a> — Internal Python object serialization<a class="headerlink" href="#module-marshal" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>This module contains functions that can read and write Python values in a binary
format.  The format is specific to Python, but independent of machine
architecture issues (e.g., you can write a Python value to a file on a PC,
transport the file to a Sun, and read it back there).  Details of the format are
undocumented on purpose; it may change between Python versions (although it
rarely does). <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p>
<p id="index-0">This is not a general “persistence” module.  For general persistence and
transfer of Python objects through RPC calls, see the modules <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="shelve.html#module-shelve" title="shelve: Python object persistence."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shelve</span></code></a>.  The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-marshal" title="marshal: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code></a> module exists mainly to support reading and
writing the “pseudo-compiled” code for Python modules of <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files.
Therefore, the Python maintainers reserve the right to modify the marshal format
in backward incompatible ways should the need arise.  If you’re serializing and
de-serializing Python objects, use the <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> module instead – the
performance is comparable, version independence is guaranteed, and pickle
supports a substantially wider range of objects than marshal.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-marshal" title="marshal: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code></a> module is not intended to be secure against erroneous or
maliciously constructed data.  Never unmarshal data received from an
untrusted or unauthenticated source.</p>
</div>
<p id="index-1">Not all Python object types are supported; in general, only objects whose value
is independent from a particular invocation of Python can be written and read by
this module.  The following types are supported: booleans, integers, floating
point numbers, complex numbers, strings, bytes, bytearrays, tuples, lists, sets,
frozensets, dictionaries, and code objects, where it should be understood that
tuples, lists, sets, frozensets and dictionaries are only supported as long as
the values contained therein are themselves supported.  The
singletons <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Ellipsis</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#StopIteration" title="StopIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code></a> can also be
marshalled and unmarshalled.
For format <em>version</em> lower than 3, recursive lists, sets and dictionaries cannot
be written (see below).</p>
<p>There are functions that read/write files as well as functions operating on
bytes-like objects.</p>
<p>The module defines these functions:</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="marshal.dump">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">marshal.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dump</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">value</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">version</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#marshal.dump" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Write the value on the open file.  The value must be a supported type.  The
file must be a writeable <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-binary-file"><span class="xref std std-term">binary file</span></a>.</p>
<p>If the value has (or contains an object that has) an unsupported type, a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> exception is raised — but garbage data will also be written
to the file.  The object will not be properly read back by <a class="reference internal" href="#marshal.load" title="marshal.load"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">load()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>The <em>version</em> argument indicates the data format that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump</span></code> should use
(see below).</p>
<p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal.dumps</span></code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">version</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="marshal.load">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">marshal.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">load</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#marshal.load" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read one value from the open file and return it.  If no valid value is read
(e.g. because the data has a different Python version’s incompatible marshal
format), raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#EOFError" title="EOFError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EOFError</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.  The
file must be a readable <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-binary-file"><span class="xref std std-term">binary file</span></a>.</p>
<p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal.load</span></code> with no arguments.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>If an object containing an unsupported type was marshalled with <a class="reference internal" href="#marshal.dump" title="marshal.dump"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#marshal.load" title="marshal.load"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">load()</span></code></a> will substitute <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> for the unmarshallable type.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>This call used to raise a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code.__new__</span></code> audit event for each code object. Now
it raises a single <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal.load</span></code> event for the entire load operation.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="marshal.dumps">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">marshal.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dumps</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">value</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">version</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#marshal.dumps" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bytes object that would be written to a file by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump(value,</span> <span class="pre">file)</span></code>.  The
value must be a supported type.  Raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> exception if value
has (or contains an object that has) an unsupported type.</p>
<p>The <em>version</em> argument indicates the data format that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dumps</span></code> should use
(see below).</p>
<p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal.dumps</span></code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">version</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="marshal.loads">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">marshal.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">loads</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#marshal.loads" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> to a value.  If no valid value is found, raise
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#EOFError" title="EOFError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EOFError</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.  Extra bytes in the
input are ignored.</p>
<p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal.loads</span></code> with argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>This call used to raise a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code.__new__</span></code> audit event for each code object. Now
it raises a single <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal.loads</span></code> event for the entire load operation.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<p>In addition, the following constants are defined:</p>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="marshal.version">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">marshal.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">version</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#marshal.version" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Indicates the format that the module uses. Version 0 is the historical
format, version 1 shares interned strings and version 2 uses a binary format
for floating point numbers.
Version 3 adds support for object instancing and recursion.
The current version is 4.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<aside class="footnote-list brackets">
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id2" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id1">1</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>The name of this module stems from a bit of terminology used by the designers of
Modula-3 (amongst others), who use the term “marshalling” for shipping of data
around in a self-contained form. Strictly speaking, “to marshal” means to
convert some data from internal to external form (in an RPC buffer for instance)
and “unmarshalling” for the reverse process.</p>
</aside>
</aside>
</section>


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