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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions">Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>
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  <section id="module-operator">
<span id="operator-standard-operators-as-functions"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> — Standard operators as functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-operator" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/operator.py">Lib/operator.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module exports a set of efficient functions corresponding to
the intrinsic operators of Python.  For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.add(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code> is
equivalent to the expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x+y</span></code>. Many function names are those used for
special methods, without the double underscores.  For backward compatibility,
many of these have a variant with the double underscores kept. The variants
without the double underscores are preferred for clarity.</p>
<p>The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical
operations, mathematical operations and sequence operations.</p>
<p>The object comparison functions are useful for all objects, and are named after
the rich comparison operators they support:</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.lt">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.le">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">le</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.le" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.eq">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">eq</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.eq" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ne">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ne</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ne" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ge">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ge</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ge" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.gt">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">gt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.gt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__lt__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__lt__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lt__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__le__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__le__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__le__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__eq__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__eq__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__eq__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ne__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ne__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ne__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ge__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ge__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ge__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__gt__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__gt__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__gt__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Perform “rich comparisons” between <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>. Specifically, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is
equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span>
<span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span>
<span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.  Note that these functions can return any value, which may
or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value.  See
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#comparisons"><span class="std std-ref">Comparisons</span></a> for more information about rich comparisons.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support
truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations:</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.not_">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">not_</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.not_" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__not__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__not__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__not__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the outcome of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#not"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a> <em>obj</em>.  (Note that there is no
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__not__()</span></code> method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines
this operation.  The result is affected by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__bool__" title="object.__bool__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__bool__()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__" title="object.__len__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__len__()</span></code></a> methods.)</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.truth">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">truth</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truth" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a> if <em>obj</em> is true, and <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></a> otherwise.  This is
equivalent to using the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bool</span></code></a> constructor.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.is_">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">is_</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.  Tests object identity.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.is_not">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">is_not</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_not" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.  Tests object identity.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous:</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.abs">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">abs</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.abs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__abs__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__abs__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__abs__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the absolute value of <em>obj</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.add">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">add</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.add" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__add__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__add__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__add__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.and_">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">and_</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.and_" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__and__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__and__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__and__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise and of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.floordiv">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">floordiv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.floordiv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__floordiv__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__floordiv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__floordiv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.index">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">index</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.index" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__index__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__index__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__index__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> converted to an integer.  Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a.__index__()</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>The result always has exact type <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a>.  Previously, the result
could have been an instance of a subclass of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.inv">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">inv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.inv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.invert">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">invert</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.invert" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__inv__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__inv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__inv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__invert__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__invert__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__invert__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise inverse of the number <em>obj</em>.  This is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~obj</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.lshift">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lshift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lshift" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__lshift__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__lshift__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lshift__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted left by <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.mod">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mod</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mod" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__mod__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__mod__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mod__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.mul">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mul</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mul" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__mul__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__mul__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mul__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.matmul">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">matmul</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.matmul" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__matmul__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__matmul__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__matmul__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&#64;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.neg">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">neg</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.neg" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__neg__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__neg__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__neg__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> negated (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-obj</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.or_">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">or_</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.or_" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__or__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__or__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__or__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.pos">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pos</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pos" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__pos__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__pos__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pos__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> positive (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+obj</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.pow">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pow</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pow" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__pow__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__pow__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pow__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.rshift">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">rshift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.rshift" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__rshift__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__rshift__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__rshift__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted right by <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.sub">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sub</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sub" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__sub__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__sub__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__sub__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.truediv">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">truediv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truediv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__truediv__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__truediv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__truediv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> where 2/3 is .66 rather than 0.  This is also known as
“true” division.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.xor">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">xor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.xor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__xor__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__xor__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__xor__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise exclusive or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>Operations which work with sequences (some of them with mappings too) include:</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.concat">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">concat</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.concat" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__concat__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__concat__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__concat__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.contains">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">contains</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.contains" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__contains__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__contains__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__contains__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the outcome of the test <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code>. Note the reversed operands.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.countOf">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">countOf</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.countOf" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the number of occurrences of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.delitem">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">delitem</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delitem" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__delitem__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__delitem__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delitem__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.getitem">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getitem</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getitem" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__getitem__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__getitem__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.indexOf">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">indexOf</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.indexOf" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the index of the first of occurrence of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.setitem">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setitem</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">c</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setitem" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__setitem__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__setitem__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">c</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setitem__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em> to <em>c</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.length_hint">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">length_hint</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">default</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.length_hint" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return an estimated length for the object <em>obj</em>. First try to return its
actual length, then an estimate using <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__length_hint__" title="object.__length_hint__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object.__length_hint__()</span></code></a>, and
finally return the default value.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<p>The following operation works with callables:</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.call">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">call</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">/</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.call" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__call__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__call__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">/</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__call__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item
lookups.  These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map" title="map"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.groupby" title="itertools.groupby"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.groupby()</span></code></a>, or other functions that
expect a function argument.</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.attrgetter">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">attrgetter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">attr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.attrgetter" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">attrgetter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">attrs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>attr</em> from its operand.
If more than one attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes.
The attribute names can also contain dots. For example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b.name</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name',</span> <span class="pre">'date')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code> returns
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(b.name,</span> <span class="pre">b.date)</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name.first',</span> <span class="pre">'name.last')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code>
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(b.name.first,</span> <span class="pre">b.name.last)</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">attrgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;attribute name must be a string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">attr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">attr</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;.&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.itemgetter">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">itemgetter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">item</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">itemgetter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">items</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>item</em> from its operand using the
operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__" title="object.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a> method.  If multiple items are specified,
returns a tuple of lookup values.  For example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2)</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(r)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r[2]</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2,</span> <span class="pre">5,</span> <span class="pre">3)</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g(r)</span></code> returns
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(r[2],</span> <span class="pre">r[5],</span> <span class="pre">r[3])</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">item</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The items can be any type accepted by the operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__" title="object.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a>
method.  Dictionaries accept any <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-hashable"><span class="xref std std-term">hashable</span></a> value.  Lists, tuples, and
strings accept an index or a slice:</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;B&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;B&#39;, &#39;D&#39;, &#39;F&#39;)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">))(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;CDEFG&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">soldier</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;captain&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;dotterbart&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;rank&#39;</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="n">soldier</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;captain&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example of using <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="operator.itemgetter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itemgetter()</span></code></a> to retrieve specific fields from a
tuple record:</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">inventory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">&#39;apple&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;banana&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;pear&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;orange&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">getcount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[3, 2, 5, 1]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[(&#39;orange&#39;, 1), (&#39;banana&#39;, 2), (&#39;apple&#39;, 3), (&#39;pear&#39;, 5)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.methodcaller">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">methodcaller</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">/</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.methodcaller" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that calls the method <em>name</em> on its operand.  If
additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given
to the method as well.  For example:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b.name()</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name',</span> <span class="pre">'foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code>
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b.name('foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">methodcaller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">caller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">caller</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<section id="mapping-operators-to-functions">
<span id="operator-map"></span><h2>Mapping Operators to Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the
Python syntax and the functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module.</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Operation</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Syntax</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Function</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Addition</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">add(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Concatenation</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">seq2</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concat(seq1,</span> <span class="pre">seq2)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Containment Test</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">seq</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contains(seq,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Division</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Division</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">floordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Bitwise And</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">and_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Bitwise Exclusive Or</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Bitwise Inversion</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">invert(a)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Bitwise Or</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">or_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Exponentiation</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Identity</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Identity</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_not(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Indexed Assignment</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">v</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k,</span> <span class="pre">v)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Indexed Deletion</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">obj[k]</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Indexing</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Left Shift</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Modulo</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Multiplication</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Matrix Multiplication</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&#64;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matmul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Negation (Arithmetic)</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">neg(a)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Negation (Logical)</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not_(a)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Positive</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pos(a)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Right Shift</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Slice Assignment</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">values</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j),</span> <span class="pre">values)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Slice Deletion</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Slicing</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>String Formatting</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">obj</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod(s,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Subtraction</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Truth Test</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truth(obj)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Equality</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Difference</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="in-place-operators">
<h2>In-place Operators<a class="headerlink" href="#in-place-operators" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Many operations have an “in-place” version.  Listed below are functions
providing a more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax
does; for example, the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-statement"><span class="xref std std-term">statement</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></code> is equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code>.  Another way to put it is to say that
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code> is equivalent to the compound statement
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">x;</span> <span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></code>.</p>
<p>In those examples, note that when an in-place method is called, the computation
and assignment are performed in two separate steps.  The in-place functions
listed below only do the first step, calling the in-place method.  The second
step, assignment, is not handled.</p>
<p>For immutable targets such as strings, numbers, and tuples, the updated
value is computed, but not assigned back to the input variable:</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hello&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">iadd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39; world&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;hello world&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">a</span>
<span class="go">&#39;hello&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For mutable targets such as lists and dictionaries, the in-place method
will perform the update, so no subsequent assignment is necessary:</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;h&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;e&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;l&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;l&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;o&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">iadd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;w&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;o&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;l&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;h&#39;, &#39;e&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39; &#39;, &#39;w&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39;r&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;d&#39;]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;h&#39;, &#39;e&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39; &#39;, &#39;w&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39;r&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;d&#39;]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.iadd">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">iadd</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iadd" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__iadd__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__iadd__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iadd__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iadd(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.iand">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">iand</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iand" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__iand__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__iand__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iand__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iand(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&amp;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.iconcat">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">iconcat</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iconcat" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__iconcat__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__iconcat__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iconcat__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iconcat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ifloordiv">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ifloordiv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ifloordiv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ifloordiv__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ifloordiv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ifloordiv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ifloordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ilshift">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ilshift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ilshift" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ilshift__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ilshift__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ilshift__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ilshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.imod">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">imod</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imod" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__imod__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__imod__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imod__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.imul">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">imul</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imul" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__imul__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__imul__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imul__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.imatmul">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">imatmul</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imatmul" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__imatmul__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__imatmul__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imatmul__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imatmul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&#64;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ior">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ior</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ior" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ior__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ior__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ior__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ior(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ipow">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ipow</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ipow" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ipow__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ipow__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ipow__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ipow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.irshift">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">irshift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irshift" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__irshift__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__irshift__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irshift__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.isub">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isub</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isub" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__isub__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__isub__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__isub__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">isub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.itruediv">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">itruediv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itruediv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__itruediv__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__itruediv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__itruediv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itruediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ixor">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ixor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ixor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ixor__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ixor__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ixor__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ixor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>

</section>
</section>


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